| artifact_or_structure_name | string | The name, title, or catalog identifier of the Islamic heritage object, architectural element, or archaeological site investigated in the study. |
| heritage_object_type | string | The functional or physical category of the heritage item (e.g., ceramic glaze, manuscript parchment, brass metalwork, architectural tile, textile, glass vessel). |
| provenance_location | string | The geographic location, modern country, or specific archaeological site where the Islamic heritage item was excavated, manufactured, or situated. |
| dynastic_or_historical_period | string | The Islamic historical era, caliphate, or dynasty associated with the item (e.g., Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid, Mamluk, Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Andalusi). |
| material_analyzed | string | The specific material, phase, pigment, alloy, or binder chemically or physically analyzed in the study (e.g., cobalt blue pigment, tin-opacified glaze, gold leaf, lime mortar). |
| analytical_technique | string | The scientific analytical method utilized to characterize the material (e.g., XRF, SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, GC-MS). |
| identified_chemical_composition | string | The primary qualitative or stoichiometric chemical composition, major mineral phases, or elemental constituents identified by the analytical technique. |
| degradation_or_alteration_type | string | The specific form of chemical alteration, structural decay, corrosion product, or biological growth observed on the heritage material. |
| conservation_intervention | string | The experimental or applied conservation treatment, cleaning agent, adhesive, consolidant, or protective coating evaluated in the paper. Return null if no conservation treatment was tested. |